Environment infrastructure, market and crop yield The state of Governance of BD Readiness and 3. Bangladesh ranks From the above discussion I can find out some points: out of countries. Technological problems: Inadequacy of ICT highlights the urgent need for improvements in areas infrastructure is a common problem in most such as 1.
Improving the regulatory framework, 2. This situation is Developing human resource capacity, 3. Providing greater marked the absence of technical infrastructure access and increasing usage of ICT by citizens and 4. Integration problem is one of the Overall rank 43 72 87 reasons for this gap.
Problem of Human Resource management: Due to lack Overall, Bangladesh ranks among countries but of utilized the skill, knowledge of the experts; many fares worse than most of its South Asian counterparts in e-government implementation projects suffer from the ICT sector. Individual usage takes stock of ICT lack of skilled human capital. Only ICT skill courses penetration and diffusion at the individual level, whereas available for the civil servants are not enough to business and government assesses ICT penetration in bridge the gap.
Absence of incentive for acquiring ICT business and government respectively. Bangladesh fares skill is also considered as one of the reason for lacking worst in South Asia at usage by all the different of ICT skilled human resources in the government.
It is also an important reason poor and rich, young and old, senior and junior, rural why the private sector remained as a skeptic and urban etc. Social disparity: In Bangladesh, a country where only for mismanagement of e-government.
Administrative problem: It is mostly due to this lack of are benefited and developed by e-governance.
But due to awareness that e-governance systems lack buy-in this process it brings a gap between developed and from the senior management of government underdeveloped countries, between urban and local areas. Such lacking of acceptability often E-governance is ICT based system and digital divide is means lack of sustainability of the system and even creating for unequal access and use of ICT. Digital divide failure to implement such a system.
E-service delivery problem: Digital divide is economic disparities in the new economy, but it is more considered one of the main barriers to implementing probable that the digital divide is itself an effect of e-services; some people do not have means to access disparities that have long existed. Any serious solution to the e-services and some others do not know how to poverty will have to reach beneath the digital divide and use the technology or the e-service.
According to confront the underlying gap between rich and poor. To Helbig. It is evident that e-governance is intrinsically phenomena i.
Moreover, a linked with the development of computer technology, serious e-government digital divide is that services networking of computers and communication systems. If government and or more of our villages are still without telephones. Proper application and implementation of technology. Like any other digital divide. Government and other agencies should developing country a vast majority of Bangladesh work according to ethics.
South Asia: Digital divide sharpens Rich- This divide exists and shall remain to exist between poor Gap, Penetration Increases. Those people who are not able to [4] DiMaggio, p. Digital Inequality: From Unequal Access to extreme victim of digital divide.
Differentiated Use. In Social inequality, ed. K Neckerman, pp. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Retrieved May 3, [8] Rahman, M. Volume 3, Number 3. Retrieved April 30, , from Planning Commission, November, E-governance vs. E-government, November- plete. Digital Transformation. A report of the International ICT literacy panel. Ways and means of bridging the gap between [24] INEI.
Rethinging The Digital Divide. Demystifying the Digital Divide. Retrieved May 27, , from [16] Wilson, K. Wallin, J. Computer Review, Vol. Internet references Monitoring the Digital Divide…and Beyond. Information System in Developing Countries. New Digital Access Index. Related Papers. By Md. Rakibul Hoque. Building a Knowledge-Based Economy in Bangladesh. The Authors. Botswana has recognised that in order to compete favourably in the global economic value chains, Licensee: AOSIS it requires a national focus towards transforming from a resource-based economy to a knowledge- OpenJournals.
This work based economy KBE. A KBE involves codification of knowledge using knowledge engineering is licensed under the Creative Commons and knowledge management in different socio-economic sectors with a view of differentiation Attribution License. A KBE is attained when that were within the range of comparison. The attainment of a KBE entails that a country is both aim to participate effectively in the information society going to be placed at a competitive edge in global business and reduce dependency on natural resources, and both have value chains.
This recognition has been compounded by the comparatively high literacy rates. Under the and competitiveness agenda. In order for this to be achieved, current dispensation of the Vision , using different access to information through global usage of ICTs such as forms of ICTs is recognised as a major cornerstone towards computers and the Internet is desired.
It is not the intention of this paper to compare the use of ICT platforms. In the — in his theory of scientific management Serrat not too distant past, Korea was a developing country with , , — Botswana has a middle-income economy Transforming from a resource-based economy to a KBE that is showing a lot of potential to bridge the massive requires an understanding of present economic and non- digital divide gaps amongst its population so that it can economic indicators of the digital divide.
The economic later participate effectively in the information society. The non-economic indicators are divided into social, cultural and opportunity cost of not engaging in ICT electronics , the automobile industry such as Hyundai, usage, and technical indicators such as the level of individual Daewoo, KIA and the shipbuilding industry.
Secondly, the different km2 of marine area and about 12 km of political borders approaches in addressing the digital divide in Botswana and defined by maritime boundaries. Botswana has a land area of South Korea henceforth, Korea are presented respectively. Access potential of a nation. Currently, Korea is the leader of to the Internet through other convertible modes such as consumer electronics and e-Government development, and mobile phones was also considered. It is thought that a closer look words, access to information through the Internet.
The at Korea may serve as lessons to Botswana as it intends to investigation of the extent of the digital divide also involved bridge its massive digital divides. The countries are not comparable. However, comparison study also contained an empirical part for Botswana in a is necessary as in , when Botswana achieved its view to probe and emphasise the actual status of the divide independence, both countries had socio-economic indicators at the individual level.
Unequal access, adoption and usage of ICTs by indicating which interventions have been implemented to result in limited access to information resources. When encourage Internet penetration in Korea. This differentiation that comes about with benefits reaped from characteristic of information makes efficient management of use of ICTs by both the rich and poor countries. Campbell information a prerequisite to establishing a KBE. The digital divide, is concerned Mansell Efficient use of ICTs The Organisation leapfrogged in their adoption, synthesis, integration and for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD application of digital technologies.
This may point to the posits that the digital divide includes factors such as assertion that appropriate digital diffusion requires fertile education and literacy, income, ICT skills, marker structures, ground for democratic development. Apart from associating the digital divide with the provision of computer A lack of appropriate IM channels may limit information flow connections and the Internet, it also encompasses a complex and therefore impact on productivity at both enterprise and array of factors such as human, digital, physical and social individual levels.
The World Bank Report suggests relationships Warschauer Norris defines the that disparities in the productivity levels may be attributed digital divide as being multidimensional in nature. It includes to poor telecommunications infrastructure and practices in different versions such as global, social and democratic most of the African states.
An empirical case of this assertion digital divide. This may not be exhaustive but presents diverse population groups, be they individuals, households, a clue as to how ICT infrastructure plays an indirect role businesses, institutions or geographical areas. Narrowing the intranational digital and the growth in Internet users from to in each divide brings about global information and communication country.
This section presents the findings of From Table 1, it can be shown that Botswana has only the empirical study on the status of ICT uptake in Botswana people actively using the Internet accounting for 0. It is evident that Internet penetration has to increase for Botswana to fully participate in the knowledge In an attempt to understand the extent of the digital divide in economy, to model an information economy, or to develop Botswana, both a literature review and a document analysis into a knowledge-based economy.
The empirical study aimed knowledge-based economies may be applied at the urban at understanding the actual divide at the individual level level to measure the intra-national digital divides, and thereby investigating the vertical and the horizontal divides. Using countries as the unit of analysis A questionnaire with both open and closed-ended questions for the digital divide, the ITU carried out a study to was utilised in this study. This questionnaire was pilot- ascertain the level of the digital divide between the countries tested with 10 participants to establish its face validity, test with developed economies and those with developing its reliability and improve the clarity of the questions so that economies.
Table 2 shows the digital divide with reference participants may comprehend it with ease in conformance to mobile phone subscription from to in two broad with Creswell Measuring the validity of the questionnaire was important to Table 2 presents a significant decrease, albeit in relative make it possible for correct and authentic data to be collected terms, with regard to the digital divide. This is in line with the and later appropriately subjected to correct empirical prediction of Norris , namely that with time, the digital analysis Luk Open-ended questions ensured that divide would decrease as more and more people will have there were no restriction on how a respondent could answer access to ICTs.
Alternatively, the costs do not increase. Whether this reasoning holds true closed-ended questions come with many options out of to Botswana and the digital divide is further investigated in the empirical study discussed in the next section. Developed The third question required respondents to provide To be included in the study, participants had to be at least 21 information on the value that the use of ICTs adds to years old, have completed high school, and have potential their daily routines.
Out of this group, there were participants who development, easy access to information, saving time, chose not to utilise ICTs non-users because they thought convenience, speed with which work is done and economical the perceived value was low. These were compared with the value. The results are shown in Figure 2. Respondents mostly participants that utilised ICTs thereby obtaining a subjective perceived the value of using ICTs on a personal development feeling of the extent of the divide vertical divide.
Amongst level. Because of resource constraints, all the preferred automating daily routines with the use of ICTs or respondents were drawn from Gaborone. The catchment area for the project was Gaborone capital city Question five requested respondents to specify whether the of Botswana. Specifically, data was collected from faculty use of ICTs increases their access to personal and professional and students from the University of Botswana, workers from information. The study utilised a short questionnaire thereby indicating that the use of ICTs is seen to positively comprising only seven questions.
The sample frame included facilitate access to personal and professional information. Eventually, a total of people participated in the survey. Respondents in their day-to-day activities. The answers to six of the seven questions asked indicate a high usage of ICTs, with the daily use of ICTs being the norm. The majority of this a daily basis. The majority of respondents, manipulation.
There was also a high indication that people Most day, whilst 6. Other perceived advantages of ICT skills but do not use ICTs at all in their day-to-day activities usage include that it helps save time, increases speed with at work apart from checking e-mails.
These factors can be translated to higher productivity levels. Despite this being The second question requested respondents to provide the case, yet others still found ICTs not to be of any value information on their different uses of ICTs.
Figure 1 illustrates preposition. Respondents indicated that they had some knowledge on what the government is currently doing to address the ICT related challenges. However, respondents mostly do not know what the government is doing to address their problems in ICT usage. From these responses, it is clear that the intra-national divide is very evident in Botswana.
In the next section a discussion 0 follows regarding the different interventions that have been ce d l er t on e ica en ee m n established in both Botswana and Korea. This will allow us sw ati om s ti ie m Sp an en m op ve on r nv No el to identify the gaps in these different interventions supply fo Sa Ec ev Co in ld o st side of ICTs and shed some light on what should be done na es o cc rs in the case of Botswana with full consideration of the local Pe a sy Ea Number of respondents context.
To compare the level of 0 ICT adoption and the extent of the digital divide between es re th ills y s Botswana and Korea, document analysis was done to CT it lu rc id ur sk fI i ou dw fa ec o CT s establish what interventions have been done on the supply ns fs n st re fI ba co o o o CT ati ck w ck gh fI side to encourage global ICT access and usage and therefore er Lo La La Hi o Op ck La Number of respondents reduce blatant intranational digital divides. Botswana and Korea digital divide The majority of respondents indicated that they would status and interventions prefer to automate their daily routines with the use of ICTs.
Botswana Those respondents who refrained from such automation The status of Internet adoption in Botswana can be established cited reasons such as low ICT skills, and trust and usability by assessing the latest figures released by the ITU and the issues as being the major challenges.
All participants agreed Botswana Telecommunications Company — BTA which that ICT usage facilitates information access and efficient is soon to be replaced by the Botswana Communications management of personal and professional information. According to the ITU , general challenges that participants faced in accessing ICTs there were Internet users as of September in are associated with a lack of basic ICT skills on their part, Botswana.
Specific notice should also be Considering the size of the country at km2, Botswana taken of the main challenges that were identified, namely, is sparsely populated.
This robust ICT infrastructure has led the eastern coast of Africa from Port Sudan through telecommunications service providers to offer adequately East African seaports down to Mtunzini in South Africa; advanced services.
With the increase in mobile Africa from South Africa, Namibia through to the United technology adoption, these services can help a myriad of Kingdom.
It is anticipated that once these projects are ICT applications such as e-Government, e-Learning, and completed, they will culminate into higher Internet and e-Commerce reach the marginal individuals in all corners broadband penetration.
This can partly network infrastructure in rural areas of Botswana. To towards the proliferation of ICT adoption and usage. Net project strives to have enough computers example, an Internet access point in every village.
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